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This has such significant value for studying the history of a region that Fudan University and Harvard University collaborated together on the establishment of the China Historical Geographic Information System (CHGIS) project which aims to create a set of basic geographic information for the study of continuous changes in Chinese historical periods, as well as providing a GIS data platform, time statistics, searching tools, and models for related researchers. As carriers of geographic information, toponyms interpret the evolution of geographical environments at a small scale and play important roles as mediums in the research field. In different time scales, in addition to their original meanings, there are also historical, cultural, social, and national meanings endowed by local residents. Spatial scope is defined by geographical coordinates. Toponyms not only represent geographical locations, but also represent spatial entities.

This research provides an entropic perspective and method for exploring the spatial-temporal evolutionary characteristics of ethnic groups and toponym mapping. Results also confirm that toponyms contain unique cultural connotations and provide a theoretical basis for the protection and promotion of the cultural connotations of toponyms. The results found that toponyms reflect not only the spatial distribution characteristics of the density and direction of ethnic groups, but also the migration law of rural settlements.

This study aimed to (1) establish a spatial-temporal database of toponyms in Northeast China using a multi-source data set, and identify their ethnic types and origin times and (2) explore the geographical distribution characteristics of ethnic toponyms and the evolution of rural settlements by comparing the spatial analysis and spatial information entropy methods. As the birthplace of Manchu, there are many toponyms originated from multi-ethnic groups (e.g., Manchu, Mongol, Korean, Hui, and Xibe) in Northeast China which possess unique cultural connotations. As a symbol language, toponyms have inherited the unique local historical culture in the long process of historical development.